Preprint
(22.09.2002)
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2002 23:18:18 GMT
From: redshift0@narod.ru
Organization:а
Newsgroups: sci.physics, sci.astro,
alt.sci.physics.new-theories
Subject: Supremum of the interaction speed
Key
words:
Interaction speed - speed of light - Supernovae - w-factor - s-factor
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Supremum of the Interaction Speed of the Matter
Chepick A.M., Nizhni Novgorod
22.09.2002
Abstract
Explanations of dependence
on distance both for the w-factor of an absolute magnitude Type Ia Supernovae
curve, and for till now not explained s-factor are given on the basis of the
offered hypothesis about inequality of lightТs speed in vacuum and supremum ofа the interaction speed of a matter
1.аа
Introduction
In " The Field Theory" by Landauh,
Lifshits in the paragraph "Speed of interaction distribution" it is
told: "Speed of interaction distribution is a universal constant. This
constant speed is, as it will be shown further, the speed of light traveling in
emptiness simultaneously... Association of the relativity principle with
finiteness of the interaction speed refers to as the relativity principle of
Einstein".
It is appeared in experiments that speed of
light in vacuum and a constant of interaction speedа (in Lorentz's transformations) are close. The measurement
accuracy of the speed of light (in experiments with long-basic interferometers
and Cherenkov radiation) makes up some decimeters per second, that is 10-9c.
It is necessary to note that in those
experiments only the speed of distribution ofа
an electromagnetic interaction was checked. Other kinds of matter
interaction were not checked. Therefore for generalization of all kinds of
interaction speeds it is necessary to consider supremum of interaction speed.
Let's designate through "cL"
a value of supremum to distinguish it from " ё" - value of the speed of light.
Einstein has acted very superbly, having
postulated a constancy of lightТs speed. Because both the proof to this, and
the contradiction to this it is practically impossible to find. The
Postulation of a lightТs speed constancy is known: л Speed of light in
vacuum in all inertial systems of
reference (ISR) is identical and does not depend on speed of a source
and the receiver of light ╗. As to presence of the theoretical proof
of that that the constant "ё" in the equations of Lorentz's transformation
is speed of light, such proof simply is not exist! It would be interesting to
discover, why Maxwell, knowing nothing about a constancy of light's speed in
vacuum, put in his equations a value of speed of an electromagnetic wave in
emptiness (or in ether) as a constant.
2.аа The
formulation of a postulate
Einstein has allocated light by his postulate into
a separate category of the phenomena, having idealized material object - a
photon. To return light in a bosom of material particles, it is necessary and
enough to count that the top limit of interaction speed of the matter is a
constant. That the speed of interaction cannot be
infinite, it was clear for a long time. It is clear also, that the supremum of
speeds of interaction even on its physical sense fits much more for a role of
constant value, which is independent of speed of a source and the observer,
than speed of any carrier of concrete interplay.
The offered formulation of a postulate sounds
so:
The supremum speed of interaction of the matter
does not depend on speed of the observer of these interactions and speed of
sources of observable interactions, and is a constant in all inertial systems
of reference.
In comparison with the existing formulation
there was only a replacement of the term "light" by term
"interaction").
In this case there will be true both a
constancy of a four-dimensional interval, and Lorentz's transformation, both
the formula of the sum of speeds, and special and general theories of a
relativity (TR).
Whether it is possible to agree with such
formulation of the postulate?а
In fact if to count speed of light equals to
these supremum (as now it is considered, and it is an additional postulate) so
all is reduced to that TR that we have and we investigate already almost 100
years. Landauh and Lifshits act so, uniting two postulates under the name "a
principle of a relativity of Einstein".
3.аа
Consideration of the postulate under condition ё< cL
Whyа
does it is impossible to considerа
that speed of light is less by a few nanometers per second than the
supremum?
Below it is offered to consider a variant of
discrepancy ё and cL .
Clearly, that speed of light now is not a
constant. In different ISR speed
of light becomes various. Under the formula of the speeds sum a speed of the
photon radiated by the moving source becomes more in a direction of a source
velocity, and it becomes less - in an opposite direction. If speed of a source
to aspire to lightТs speed, then speed of photons which leaving
"back" will decrease approximately under the law c2=
cL (1- 2 (cL- c1)/( cL-
v)), where v is speed of a source, c1 is speed of light
in ISR of the source, c2 is speed of light in ISR of the
receiver. We have not "seen" such change of light's speed, for
example, for speed of a source v <0.9 cL, if
(1-c1/cL) wouldа
be less than 5*10-11. Hence, for real speeds of sources we
shall not see change of lightТs speed,
especially if photons move "forward".
Conclusions from GR and TR remain completely
true regarding, not concerning distribution of light. But also in the rest it is possible to specify such changes in
formulas, which basically will bring only in replacement of a part of
designations ё on cL. In particular, formula of Doppler
law now will be so: f=f0 * [1-(v/cL) 2] 1/2
/ [1-(v* cos a)/c].а
Maxwell Equations will be stay invariant
relative to any ISR, as in fact a value of light speed "c" is not
a constant in them now, but a variable equal to speed of light in considered
ISR.
But cannot be:
-аа Zero
mass of rest;
-аа
Infinity in energy and mass of particles at approach speed of light (not
cL).
4.аа
Consequence from the hypothesis
Whether speed of light that has come to us from
far (z> 1) galaxies was measured sometime? IТm sure that it was not
measured, as search of the light speed change is unpromising business (as shown
higher). But a processes of different duration we can observe as consequence of
the light speed change, though we do not know their explanation.аа
Recently found out an expansion phenomenon
(w-factor) of a light curve for absolute magnitude of Type Ia Supernovae would
be considered as the brightest proof of the universe expansion if it was not
accompanied by the not explained stretch-factor (s-factor) [Peter Nugent, Alex Kim and Saul Perlmutter, arXiv: astro-ph/0205351 v1 21 May 2002 K-corrections and Extinction Corrections for Type Ia
Supernovae; further NKP2002]
The environment of a Supernovae scatters in all
parties with huge speed. Therefore speed of the photons flying in our
direction, is different. We shall designate average speed of a photon from the
distant source as c, and a range of speeds [c-σ,c+σ]. We shall
consider that distribution of photons density on speed is defined by some
average function F (v, c, σ).
Let's assume that value c does not
depend neither on time, nor from length of a wave; and distance R from a source
up to the receiver during supervision is changing insignificantly (much less
than R). Let n is the general number of the photons accepted in unit of time
(depends on an epoch of reception tТ). Let time t (an epoch of radiation) and
t' are defined in ISR of the receiver, and t' =t+R/c. N is the general
number of photons, radiated in unit of time that then will get in the receiver;
N depends on time of radiation t (t=0 corresponds to the peak radiation
moment).
Then
n(tТ)=а ∫ N(t+ R/v - R/c) F(v, c, σ) dv
The size of shift R/v - R/c = (R/c) (c/v-1) is
measured in day and means an epoch concerning time t from which there come
photons to the receiver at the moment of time tТ. Accordingly, the further
Supernovae is situated, the more an epoch exist photons will come from.
On the contrary, for very close Supernova the
value of shift will be practically equal 0 for any speed v, that is, simple
conformity between epoch of radiation and reception is established.
Accordingly, the further Supernovae is situated, the more an epoch exist photons
will come to from one epoch of radiation.
5.аа
Conclusions
All this results to that:
1.
The
width of a light curve increases proportionally to distance both for all
spectrum, and for a separate range (w-factor).
2.
The
peak of accepted radiation (absolute luminosity) decreases proportionally to
distance both for all spectrum, and for a separate range (s-factor), and the
factor of proportionality depends on absolute luminosity in this range (the
formula (2) in NKP2002).
3.
аColor B-V at peak B-band is proportional to
distance and it is a consequence of the formula (2) as a subtraction of
luminosities (the formula (3) in NKP2002).
4.
As
result of these reasons it is possible to estimate value cL,
assuming, that the maximal speed vmax = 2c/(1+c2/cL2)
and that the width of a
light curve makes up 60 day for a Supernovae that situated on distance R=3*109
l.y.:
2 (R/c) (1-c/ vmax) = 60 day
Whence c = cL
(1-3*10-11).
5.
In
passing it is found out, why in the first days after explosion the width of a
spectrum for far Supernovae is less, than for a close one, even without taking
into account the w-factor.
6.
аOne more capability for check of this
hypothesis is concluded in an estimation of speed and size of jets from active galaxies.
Size of a leaving jet should be less (or would be closer to a core) than size
of jet approaching to us. And in an incipient state - the leaving jet can be
not seen at all.
Though I like this hypothesis, I am compelled
to tell, that there is one more opportunity of an explanation w- and s-factors
- a
hypothesis about difference of real speed of light from speed of light in
vacuum owing to optical density of the intergalactic environment.
But, probably, effects w-and s-factors turn out
because of total influence of these reasons.
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