Explanation_Marinov_Experiment

1. Introduction

We have got used to believe that we live in the world, in which speed of light (in vacuum) a constant, that is, isotropic and identical in all inertial systems of reference (IFR). All experiments show that we can count so. From the first experiments on revealing of influence of an aether wind up to the latest similar experiments in which accuracy reaches 1e-16, all experiments assert that speed of light a constant. However there is no such speedometer measuring directly speed of light. It means, we measure some other parameters in any experiment, and already on them we calculate speed of light. But calculation depends on that theory which we use for the description of experiment. In the elementary case we measure the period of time of passage by a impulse of light of known distance. But measurement of the period of time demands a synchronization of clocks and the theory for the description of this synchronization.

Attempts to do it without synchronization are known, for example, Michelson-Morly eXperiment (MMX) of which the conclusion about a constancy of speed of light has been made, and Marinov's Coupled Shutters eXperiment (MCSX) of which the conclusion about anisotropy of speed of light has been made. But whether both conclusions are correct? It turn out that MMX does not prove a constancy of speed of light, and in MCSX it is possible to count speed of light of a constant.

2. MMX speaks nothing about unilateral speed of light

"In well-known Michelson-Morly Experiment ...
any dependence of speed of light from a direction
was not detected." (A.Einstein [1, p.144])

What occurs with a light in Michelson-Morly Experiment? A ray of light with the help of a semitranslucent mirror prism is shared into two perpendicular beams (this prism is a point of simultaneous start of two beams) which, going the ways of identical length, are reflected from mirrors and come back to a prism (it is a point of finish of two beams) which directs them on интерференционный the screen. On a way from finish up to the screen the beams go at identical conditions identical distance in an identical direction, hence, for identical time. It means, the difference can appear only at a way from start to finish. But on this way the light's impulses go on a two-way trajectory in different directions, and, hence, in this experience a change of unilateral speed of light is not determining, but only dependence of total time of movement on a bilateral trajectory from a direction of a shoulder. Therefore from MMX it is impossible to get a conclusion about a constancy of unilateral speed of light.

In experiments such as MMX, it turn out that time of movement of light's impulses on a bilateral trajectory - practically identical. In particular, in messages S. Herrmann [4] and P. Antonini [5] (2005) is spoken about updating idea of classical experience Майкельсона-Морли. In this experiment resonant frequencies of motionless and rotating cylinders-resonators were compared, accuracy of coincidence of frequencies - 1e-16.

Note, that unilateral speeds of a light's wave directly are not measured in these experiments. Thus, anything in these experiments (and in others too) does not testify, that unilateral speeds of light's waves cannot be different!

3. Marinov experiment - the description of installation

We shall take the author's description of installation of Marinov experiment[2, fig. 2]

"Light from the laser is shared by semitranslucent mirror into the two beams which pass, being reflected from pair of mirrors, distance in opposite directions between two synchronously rotating disks with holes on periphery (on figure the light's sources S₁ and S₂ are shown as independent). The first rotating disk cut a light's ray onto a pieces. The second rotating disk passes the most part of a piece, if speed of light in this direction is big, accordingly, a smaller part of a piece, if speed of light in this direction is smaller. As the distance between disks is impossible to make very big (Физо worked at basic distance d=8 km) then the light's pieces, moving with the greater speed, pass through the second disk only slightly more long, than the pieces moving in the opposite direction with smaller speed. However, if to put sensitive photodiodes behind the "second" disk then from the difference of currents generated by them, measured on a galvanometer, it is possible to define a projection of absolute speed of laboratory on a direction of an axis of the device. I have named this experiment "the coupled shutters experiment". Here all his theory and execution:

Shaft is rotated by the electromotor standing in the middle of a shaft (on Pic. 2 the motor is put in the left end of a shaft). Distance between centres peripheral holes and an axis of shaft R (12 sm), and distance between disks d (120 sm). Mutual position of both disks on a shaft and a direction of laser beams are established so, that when a shaft is motionless, the light's beam which is going entirely through a near hole, covers half of distant hole. At rotation of shaft the light's impulses, cut by a near hole, need known time to reach a distant hole, hence with increase of speed of rotation a light will pass through a distant hole less and less, if hole "moves away" from a beam, and on the contrary, light will pass through a distant hole more and more and more if hole "approachs" to a beam."

Note that in the explanation to this experiment Marinov writes about possible different speed of "light's pieces" in opposite directions. That is, Marinov does an explanation of the effect not in frames of SRT. Also in an explanation it is considered that disks rotate synchronously.

4. Marinov experiment (MCSX) - the description of process and result

Shaft with disks has got an acceleration of its rotation around of a longitudinal axis with the help of the force enclosed to the middle of a shaft; then the shaft rotates on inertia and during this period through holes in the disks located on the ends of a shaft, two impulses of light in opposite directions are passed, then forces of photocurrents are compared on the comparator (it was possible not to create an opposite light's stream and to compare a photocurrent of a stream to the standard stream beforehand missed through non-rotating holes). Idea of experiment: during movement of a wave between disks the hole in the second disk will be displaced, and only a part of energy of the impulse going through the first hole will get through second hole. This part linearly depends on speed of light and from speed of rotation of a shaft, therefore first degree of accuracy of the attitude v/c enough for this experiment. The most importantly, here there is not a synchronization of clocks as one clock are necessary for definition of speed of rotation of a shaft only. The result has turned out amazing - considerably less exact experiment, than MMX, has shown dependence of a photocurrent on a direction! Such result Marinov treated as consequence of anisotropy of speed of light in Terrestrial system of reference, and the Earth is moving in the universe with a speed approximately v = 362 ± 40 km/s in a direction δ = -24° ±7°, а = (t_st)_a = 12,5^h ± I^h[2, form.(50)].

5. Claims to MCSX

The world of physicists has blown up and has been up in arms on Marinov - the result of less exact experiment cannot contradict to more exact (ММХ), received in the same conditions. Marinov counted his experiment MCSX by the proof of anisotropy of speed of light in the same terrestrial system of reference where other experiments showed a constancy of speed of light with accuracy 1e-8 (at that time). Actually the explanation of anisotropy of light's speed relates to other system of reference constructed with the help of other method of synchronization in other theory [3, Сh.2]. Absence of understanding of it has given and Absence of explanations to result of MCSX in IFR with constant speed of light; and hence an Marinov experiment is not recognized till now.

Claims for Marinov in absence of taking into account of a twisting of a shaft, absence of synchronization of rotation of disks with apertures, absence of taking into account of speed of movement of electrons in wires, etc. were put forward. But all this have guided to the main reason - to defending of isotropy of light's speed.

The most surprising that among all refutations of Marinov's experiment there was nothing experimental, only theoretical refutations. However, experimental confirmations have not been published, too.

Only Marinov itself informed that had carried out this experiment in different laboratories on different installations in different years (from 1976 to 1984) with identical results.

We shall consider the specified claims more in detail and shall give counterarguments.

- Absence of taking into account of twisting of a shaft because of a delay of distribution of acceleration of rotation.

In the of taking into account of twisting of a shaft and synchronization of rotation of wheels in IFR of installation there is no necessity as measurings were at period of absence of the twisting force. The shaft had got an acceleration of its rotation in the middle till got the necessary angular speed (that is, twisting is distributed to the ends of a shaft, compensating each other), and further the shaft was rotated on inertia. After the termination of action of the twisting force, a structure of shaft is restoring very quickly because of action of the forces supporting structure of substance in a minimum of potential energy (it mean an undestroying acceleration of the shaft, that is, a structure of a stopped shaft coincides with initial). Possible residual asymmetry of phases of apertures can be checked and excluded by three ways: rotation of a shaft into other side, turn of a shaft around of a vertical axis, passing of light into opposite side.

- Absence of taking into account of asynchronism of rotations of the disks.

Synchronism of rotation of disks is provided with preservation of structure of substance of a shaft and absence of twisting force at a moment of passage of a impulse, therefore the taking into account of asynchronism is useless. Certainly, in any theory in IFR of the observer the clocks in all space should be synchronized; accordingly, with the help of such clocks it would be possible to check up synchronism of phases of rotation of disks. However and Marinov itself considered this checking useless, and nobody to and anybody of experimenters did not doing such checking.

- Nonsynchronous transfer of the information on photocurrents.

- The taking into account of speed of movement electrons in wires is not necessary, as results of measurement of a photocurrent were transferred on wires for comparison, and it is possible to transfer them when necessary and with any speed (time and speed of data transmission do not influence neither these data, nor on result of their comparison).

- Absence of an explanation of experiment in a condition of isotropic speeds of light.

To Marinov such explanation was not necessary, his purpose was to show anisotropy of speed of light. Actually, this claim is directed to the opponents. Why they have not explained result of experiment in IFR with constant speed of light? Marinov did not measure this speed directly, he calculated it through a photocurrent, did not he?

At last, any of the specified arguments does not depend on a direction of installation, therefore in case of their influence on result of experiment a photocurrent should not depend on this direction. But it depends!

6. MCSX in the Luminiferous Aether's Stationary Theory(LAST)

The Marinov experiment has simple explanation in the theory of a stationary aether. In LAST there is an isotropic non-dragged motionless medium of propagation of electromagnetic waves (aether). With this medium the absolute system of reference is linked, conterminous with an IFR, in which a microwave background radiation is isotropic (IFR CMBR). Thus, in AFR a light's speed is isotropic, and in it inertial systems of reference (IFR) are moving. Synchronization of clocks in AFR is carried out on Einstein's method, and in IFR - on MSN method leaving simultaneous events in AFR simultaneous in IFR. There are transformations of coordinates (KOZT) from AFR into IFR. In IFR a speed of light is is unisotropic. (About model of the world in LAST it is possible to find out in article "Absolute. Main principles". [3])

Experiment Marinov has easily a talk positions of the theory of a stationary ether. In LAST there is an isotropic not carried away motionless environment of distribution of electromagnetic waves (ether). The absolute system of reference is adhered to this Wednesday (AFR), conterminous with that IFR, in which capacity of microwave background radiation изотропна (IFR CMBR). Thus, in AFR speed of light изотропна, and in it inertial systems of reference (IFR) move. Synchronization of clocks in is AFR carried out on Einstein's method, and in IFR - on method MSN leaving simultaneous events in AFR simultaneous in IFR. There are transformations of coordinates (KOZT) from AFR in IFR. In IFR speed of light анизотропна. (in LAST it is possible to familiarize With model of the description of the world in article "Absolute. Main principles". [3]) On LAST in AFR in which installation moves, apertures in disks in experiment MCSX synchronously rotate, speed of light in AFR constant, but time of passage by light of distance between disks if speed of light has to a component on a direction of movement of installation, more, than if has to a component against a direction, therefore the difference of phases of the second disk between the moments of start and finish of a light pulse depends on a direction ψ ' distributions of light.

According to the LAST, in AFR in which installation is moving, holes in disks in experiment MCSX synchronously rotate, speed of light in AFR is constant, but time of passage by light of distance between disks is different: if speed of light has a component on a direction of movement of installation, time is more, than if it has a component against a direction, therefore the difference of phases (of turn angles) of the second disk between the moments of start and finish of moving of a light's impulse depends on a direction ψ' of light's propagation.

Let's calculate a share of total energy E'(ω') of a photocurrent in the receiver for a shaft rotating with angular speed ω', in relation to total energy E ' (0) of a photocurrent for a unrotating shaft. We assume that a illumination intensity of an aperture is uniform and apertures look like sector of a ring with internal radius R', height H', the central corner 2χ'. By virtue of uniform illumination intensity the attitude энергий coincides with the attitude of the illuminated areas. For a motionless shaft the area of the illuminated sector equals S'₀=χ'H'(R'+H'/2). For a rotating shaft it is necessary to take into account the greater number of parameters. In Terrestrial "IFR" J₂ in which speed of light c' depends on speed v of the Earth in AFR and of a corner ψ' between directions c' and v in IFR J₂, disks rotate synchronously (by a property of LAST - preservations of a simultaneity). Let the distance between disks in J₂ equals L'. Time t' of passage of light's impulse between disks depends on speed c': t'=L'/c', that is, at smaller speed c' less energy will get on the photodiode as the second aperture will be more displaced from a place of passage of a impulse of light. In view of the formulas [3, (21,22)]for speed of light c'=c/(1+(v/c)cos ψ') the area of illuminated sector is S'_ω=[χ'-ω'(L'/c)(1+(v/c)cos ψ')]H'(R'+H'/2), and the attitude of the areas will be equal S'_ω/S'₀=1-(ω'/χ')(L'/c)(1+(v/c)cos ψ'). Thus, in LAST a result MCSX is obliged to depend on a direction ψ' of installations and of a speed v of the Earth in AFR.

Hence, result MCSX on anisotropy of a photocurrent in terrestrial "IFR" finds the explanation in LAST. And if to take into account that one of principles of LAST is zero result MMX, becomes obvious that the specified experiments in LAST each other not contradict

7. Explanation MCSX in IFR with constant speed of light

In the experiment Marinov was measuring the photocurrent reflecting size of energy that came in the receiver; but not directly speed of light.. We assume here that speed of light in our IFR is constant; and we know that value of light's energy change in experiment , Whether it is possible to explain MCSX in conditions of a constancy of speed of light? Such explanation exists!

For the experiment in Terrestrial "IFR" J₂ in LAST we shall construct Terrestrial "IFR" I₂ by a method given in article "Absolute. Main principles" [3, Ch.8]. For this purpose it is necessary in J₂ to shift indications of each clocks according to their X-coordinate, and we shall receive IFR I₂ in which there will be other times of pass of a impulse through apertures, and speed of light in I₂ will be a constant. Events in IFR of LAST take place then and only then when these events take place in corresponding IFR with constant speed of light. As in LAST Marinov experiment is obliged to have a change of the illuminated area of a distant aperture depending on a direction of light, so it should have the same results in IFR with constant speed of light. It is natural, that the illuminated areas remain the same in both explanations, however now the time "shifted" in I2, so the matching equal phases of disks occur at different moments of time in I₂, and hence the identical moments of time in I₂ match different phases of disks. It is obvious that equal phases of both disks at the equal moments of time will be only in that IFR I₀ which matchs AFR J₀0. That is, in set of IFRs with constant speed of light there is an selected IFR. However for the majority of other experiments it is possible with sufficient accuracy to consider, that IFRs are equal in rights, and for them the SRT is carried out. In any case it is possible to apply the following algorithm of calculation: we assume that processes occur in AFR, and in the necessary IFR their description only is recalculated from AFR (this algorithm is true and in LAST).

Thus, MCSX is referred to that rare type of experiments which show unequality of inertial systems of reference with constant speed of light. There are also other experiments that are showing property of anisotropy, however always this property is linked to a direction of movement of the Earth in IFR CMBR. For example, in article "On the Light Speed Anisotropy vs Cosmic Microwave Background Dipole" authors wrote: "anisotropy of speed of light is found at studying a Kompton dispersion of laser light on a bunch of electrons from the accelerator with energy 6GeV." ([6]). The effect described in the specified article testifying to movement of experimental installation in luminiferous medium, and quite matches to LAST.

8. Выводы

1. Experiments MMX and MCSX do not contradict each other

2. In the universe there is an selected inertial system of reference (AFR), in which CMBR is isotropic.

3. There is explanation of MCSX in conditions of constant speed of light in Terrestrial "IFR".

4. In any case it is possible to apply the following algorithm of calculation: we must think all processes are in AFR, and their descriptions are only calculated from AFR into necessary IFR.

Our Universe is such that in it there is an selected system of reference with isotropic speed of light. In this AFR it is possible to construct a set of IFRs with anisotropic speeds of light in them between which transformations of coordinates KOZT are carried out. But in it also it is possible to construct other set of IFR, in which the speed of light is a constant, allowing to asuume that: clocks in these IFRS are synchronized by Einstein's method, and Lorentz's Transformations are carried out.